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Rev. John Baines, M.A., St. John's College, Oxford. Vicar of Little Marlow
Notes from T.I. Pocock:
Elizabeth, only daughter of Thomas Salt of Birmingham.
ABODES:
1826 - 1845 Red Lodge, Bristol (T.I. Pocock)
Prichard frequently met Southey and Coleridge at the Estlin house (Andrew Roberts) See Dictionary of National Biography for further details.
Found at: http://www.todayinsci.com/cgi-bin/indexpage.pl?http://www.todayinsci.com/2/2_11.htm
Born 11 Feb 1786; died 23 Dec 1848. English physician and ethnologist who was among the first to assign all the human races and ethnic groups to a single species. He studied sailors of many different races as they came to port in his hometown of Bristol. He was also responsible for the conception of moral insanity (psychopathic personality) as a distinct disease. According to Biblical tradition, all contemporary human races were monogenic, that is, they were derived from Adam and Eve. Prichard proposed that Adam had been black; he argued that as the descendants of Adam became lighter-skinned they acquired higher intellects and civilization. Given time, all races would become similar to Western Europeans, the race that in his view, had progressed farther or more rapidly.
Found at: http://www.localhistory.co.uk/ambra/ab-br.htm
Symonds (John Addington) SOME ACCOUNT OF THE LIFE, WRITINGS, AND CHARACTER of the Late James Cowles Prichard. (Being the substance of a Memoir Read at the Meeting of the Bath and Bristol Branch of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, in March, 1849.) 54pp, recent cloth, indelible private ownership stamp to front pastedown. [Evans and Abbott, Printers, Bristol.] 1849. £45.00 * Prichard was born at Ross and resided many years in Bristol. He was appointed physician to St. Peter's Hospital, Bristol, in 1811, and to the Bristol Infirmary in 1814.
Found at: http://www.mdx.ac.uk/www/study/6BIOM.htm#M91810
James Cowles Prichard MD (Edin), FRS, MD (Ox)
Inquiry Commissioner 1842-1845
Lunacy Commissioner (in place of Southey) 1845-1848
A specialist in insanity Prichard died in office 22.12.1848. He was replaced by Samuel Gaskell, an asylum superintendent Born Ross, Herefords 11.2.1786. The eldest son of Thomas and Mary Prichard, both members of The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). His father was "engaged in commercial life with a firm of iron and tin-plate merchants in Bristol". In 1793 sent to school in Bristol for a short time, but his early education was mainly at home under a series of tutors supervised by his father. The emphasis seems to have been on languages, particularly French. At some time his family moved to Bristol (DNB). Mat(t?)hew's Bristol Dir. 1799-1800 show's two Thomas P's, one in Park Street, the other a "Brush-maker" at 21 Bridge St.1802: Became a student of medicine in Bristol (DNB). Leigh: Attended a series of lectures by Dr Thomas Pole, an American Quaker, whose course included surgery, botany, chemistry, physics, the use of the globe, midwifery, optics and astronomy, and was called "The Economy of Nature". In the summer he continued his medical education (A.Ca.) under Mr Tothill and Dr Pope, also Quakers (Leigh). Sept 1804: Attended St Thomas's Hospital (London?) (See Lancet obituary).
Edinburgh and AnthropologySept 1805: Edinburgh University where, according to a student friend, speculation about the varieties of the human race became the "continual occupation of his mind" (Leigh). MD 1808.
His 150 page thesis, De Generis Humani Varitate, was about 3 times the length of the average Edinburgh thesis. Over the years he re-wrote and expanded it into successive editions of: Researches into the Physical History of Man (1813; 1826: 2 vols with plates, 1838: 3 vols; 1841 Illustrations for; 1841-7: 4th edition, 5 vols with coloured plates, maps etc) (Researches)
Leaving the Quakers
Admitted pens, Trinity college Cambridge 13.10.1808. Matriculated Lent 1809 (A.Ca.). Cambridge, unlike Oxford, allowed dissenters to study there (although not to graduate). Whilst at Cambridge he left the Quakers and became an Anglican. He probably studied mathematics and theology at Cambridge. (Leigh) (See Lancet obituary). In 1809 he studied at Oxford, residing first at St. John's, then at Trinity (Leigh). He matriculated from St John's 3.6.1809 (A.Ox.)BRISTOL PHYSICIAN, ETHNOLOGY, ST PETERS.
Practised as a Bristol physician from 1810, devoting his spare tome to ethnology (DNB).
In Bristol Dir shown (Red Lodge, Park Row) as one of 24 Bristol Physicians; one of 3 physicians to St Peter's Hospital, Peter St., and one of four to the Infirmary, Marlborough St., St James's. Leigh says it was "many years before his practice amounted to anything". (Leigh p 154)
Married Anne Maria Estlin 28.2.1811 (DNB). They had 10 children.
On 11.8.1811 elected physician to St Peter's Hospital described in the Dir. as the General Hospital for the poor of the whole city. It had, "a ward for lunatics. Vagrants and beggars are taken up and sent thither, and conveyed to their respective parishes. It is supported by an annual assessment on all houses and land in the city."
After the publication of the Researches (1813) his medical practice began to build up. Eventually he had a very considerable private practice purely as a physician on consultations. He drew a strict line between the work of surgeons and the consultative work appropriate to physicians (Leigh p.154).
On 29.2.1814 elected physician to the Infirmary. This was one of a number of medical charities in Bristol. It admitted casualty cases "immediately", "without regard to country, colour or dialect". Those labouring under acute or chronic disorders required a note from a subscriber (1830 Dir).EGYPTIAN MYTHOLOGY, BRISTOL INSANITY AND VITALIST PHILOSOPHY
1819: 1st edition An Analysis of the Egyptian Mythology (2nd: 1823; 3rd: 1838; each enlarged)
1822: Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous System. Part One. Convulsive and Maniacal Affections (Part 2 never published)
"It was based on the experience he had gained during ten years at St Peter's hospital. Among his patients there were many lunatics, whose maladies especially interested him" (DNB)
"The books is largely a collection of cases, with an attempt at a broad classification which owes most to Sauvages, the French nosographer, and to Pinel" (Leigh)
During 1826 he refused to consult with Dr David Davies FRCP on the grounds that as Davis was a surgeon on the staff of St Peter's he should not consult as a physician. Davies published a pamphlet maintaining a physician was perfectly entitled to act as a surgeon. (Leigh p.155)
FRS 1827 (A.Ca.)
1829 Review of the Doctrine of a Vital Principle "A small octavo work, dedicated to the patrons of the Bristol Philosophical Institution, of which he was one of the founders, and where he frequently gave lectures" (Lancet obituary). It was an expansion of a lecture given to the Bristol Literary and Philosophical Society and maintained that only the presence of a divine Intelligence could account for the life principle (Leigh). He was a frequent lecturer at the Bristol Institution. Leigh reproduces a handbill for a series of 3 lectures in 1834 undertaken when an Egyptian Mummy was made available to be publicly opened.
1831: On the Treatment of Hemiplegia, and Particularly on an Important Remedy in some Diseases of the Brain published in the Medical Gazette. It dealt with the treatment of insanity by a scalp incision kept open by peas. Dr J.A. Symonds read a paper by Prichard on the same subject at a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held in Bristol in 1836. (Tuke, D.H. 1891 p24 and DNB)
MD (Oxford), by diploma from Trinity college 3.7.1835. He had delivered the address at the 3rd annual meeting of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, held in Oxford. The President that year was the Regius Professor of medicine who handed the diploma to Prichard at the conclusion of the address (Leigh p.157)A TREATISE ON INSANITY
1833 1st vol. (A to ELE) of The Cyclopedia of Practical Medicine published, edited by John Forbes, Alexander Tweedie and Conolly (4.4.2) with 67 contributors, all physicians. The final vol. was published 1835 (Hunter and MacAlpine's Conolly, vol.1, pp 12 + 14). Tweedie and Conolly were friends of Prichard (Leigh) who wrote the articles on: Delirium, Hypochondriasis, Insanity, Somnambulism and Animal Magnetism, Soundness and Unsoundness of Mind, and Temperament. He wrote several chaps on similar subjects in a work called the Library of Medicine (Lancet obituary).
Whilst engaged in writing these articles he became convinced of a need for a comprehensive treatise on the contemporary treatment of inanity (Leigh). Published 1835 A Treatise on Insanity and Other Disorders Affecting the Mind 500pp. This was dedicated to the French psychiatrist, John Etienne Dominique Esquirol and drew mainly on French sources. In it he elaborated his concept of "moral insanity" (4.5) which he had first described in the Insanity article in the Cyclopaedia. (H + M. pp 836-7).
GERMANY
Prichard had learnt German to study German history and philosophy. In 1815 he and a friend had published a translation of Muller's General History. (Leigh p. 202)
1837 A German translation of Analysis of Egyptian Mythology. Through mutual interest in Egyptology, he and the Prussian diplomat, Christian Karl Josias (Baron) Bunsen, became "great friends" (Leigh) Bunsen came to London in 1841 on a special mission concerning the proposed Anglo-Prussian bishopric in Jerusalem. Ashley (H3) was a central figure in the negotiations for the bishopric which was established in the autumn. In 1842 Bunsen became Prussian ambassador in London. In 1843 Prichard published his Natural History of Man. He dedicated it to Bunsen, beginning the dedication "My Dear Friend".PRICHARD AND SAMUEL HITCH
Prichard was one of the Gloucestershire medical visitors for licensed houses (Lancet obituary).
He was also a correspondent of Samuel Hitch, the Resident Superintendent of Gloucestershire County Asylum, who strongly supported his concept of moral insanity (See Leigh, D. 1961 p.183). Prichard was one of the first members of Hitch's "Association of Medical Officers of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane", founded at Gloucester in July 1841 (Tuke, D.H. 1891 p.24). He attended the York conference in 1844 and may have attended earlier ones.AUGUST 1842: INQUIRY COMMISSIONER AGED 56. He is believed to have remained a resident of Bristol during the Inquiry and to have maintained his positions and activities there. Besides his extensive engagements in Bristol he had a large consulting practice in the surrounding counties and South Wales (Lancet obituary). Dr Hitch (see above) was at this time agitating the cause of Welsh pauper lunatics who, he said, were without any asylum. In a footnote to an article in The Lancet he added, however: "Since this was written, Dr Prichard, of Bristol, has informed me, that there is a lunatic asylum near Haverfordwest" (Lancet 5.10.1842 p. 103).
St Peters, Bristol; Haverfordwest and the condition of Welsh pauper lunatics, figured prominently in the 1844 Report.
In 1842 he published On the Different Forms of Insanity in Relation to Jurisprudence in which he tried to avoid all technicalities and medical terms not absolutely necessary. The book applied his concepts to criminal lunacy just when trials such as those of Oxford, Bean and McNaughton (4.6 + 4.7) were making the application of psychiatry to crime a highly controversial issue.
A letter from Prichard on drunkenness and lunacy was used by Ashley in his speech on education (4.6).
Prichard's library contained a copy of the 1844 Report of the commissioners "with MSS Papers by Dr Prichard one of them" (Booksellers list in Leigh, p 205, item 10242).AUGUST 1845: LUNACY COMMISSIONER AGED 59
On 27.8.1845 the Secretary informed the Board that, "Dr James Cowles Prichard of Bristol", had been appointed in place of Southey who had resigned. He had been sworn in at Bath by Gordon, Turner and Procter (MH50). As those 3 paid a night visit to Kingsdowne House, Box in Wilts (six miles from Bath) on 23.8.1845 I assume they made use of the opportunity to swear Prichard. (See CH.R. respecting date of appointment) He first attended a Board 3.9.1845 (MH50). Tuke, D.H. 1891 p.25 says he moved to London on appointment as Lunacy Commissioner.
On 22.6.1847 he made an address to the Ethnological Society of London. He was President of the society at the time of his death (DNB)
Monday 4.12.1848. Seized with a severe feverish attack whilst visiting asylums near Salisbury. Confined in Salisbury until December 17th when he was conveyed to his own house in London.
"The fever proved to be of a rheumatic and gouty character baffling all the efforts of medical skill, and terminating his life, after much suffering, by pericarditis" [inflammation of the membrane containing the heart] "and extensive suppuration in the knee joint" (Lancet obituary).
He died on 22.12.1848 (aged 62) at his home in Woburn Place, Russell Square, (Lancet 30.12.1848 p 730)
INCONSISTENT DATES Adm. to Edinburgh September 1805 in DNB and Leigh, but 1806 in A.Ca. Appointments to St Peter's and the Infirmary dates taken from DNB. Other sources give other years. Lancet obituary has a different account of Prichard's MA (Ox) which I believe is incorrect. All biographical sources agree there were only 3 editions of the Researches. The 4th is listed with the details I give on the Booksellers list in Leigh.
Chap. 3 of Leigh, Dennis 1961 is an illustrated biography of Prichard with outlines of his works. DNB's 4 col.biography is by Daniel Hack Tuke.
Free BMD: (could be a son or a 2nd marriage)
Marriages Sep 1841
------------------
Prichard James Cowles St Germans 9 125
Ley Emma Henrietta St Germans 9 125
BVR: Probable find
Anna Maria ESTLIN
Birth Date: 1 Sep 1788
Christening Date: 26 Oct 1788
Father: John P(rior?) Estlin
Mother: Susanna
Recorded in: Bristol, Gloucestershire, England
Collection: Society of Protestant Dissenters
1851 Census - Winterbourne, Gloucester. (may be different family)
PRICHARD Maria Widow/er 62 Winterbourne, Gls.
PRICHARD Hannah Maria 19 Winterbourne, Gls.
Thomas was "engaged in commercial life with a firm of iron and tin-plate merchants in Bristol". He and his wife were both members of The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers).
Matthew's Bristol Dir. 1799-1800 show's two Thomas P's, one in Park Street, the other a "Brush-maker" at 21 Bridge St.
James Deacon Hume was Secretary of the Board of Trade.