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EDWARD III (1312-1377) became king of England in 1327. He succeeded his father, Edward II, and belonged to the Plantagenet family of English rulers. In the 1330's, Edward invaded Scotland. He won victories there but could not crush the Scottish spirit of independence.
Edward's forces won the Battle of Crecy in what is now the Normandy region of France. This conflict was the first major battle between France and England in the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453). Edward claimed to be the rightful king of France, and he conquered much of that country. He paid for the war by introducing an efficient system of taxing imports. In the last few years of his reign, Edward failed to provide vigorous leadership. The French recovered some of their land, and Edward's popularity declined. Even so, he was long remembered as an ideal king and a fine soldier. Edward was born in Windsor, near London.
House of Angevins. 1 Feb 1327 > 8 Jun 1376 = reign of Edward III of England
Became King when 14. Under influence of his mother Isabella and her friend
Roger Mortimer. He took over in1300 and had Mortimer executed in1330 and his
mother sent away from court.
Edward was a good soldier. He wanted the lands lost in France by King John and landed in France at the start of the "100 Years War". He one the battle of Crecy 1346, captured Calais (which became an English town for 200 years) and one the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. His eldest son Edward became known as the "Black Prince"By 1360 Edward 111 controlled nearly a quarter of France. But the wars were
expensive and he was also facing the economic problems caused by "The Black
Death".
He was heartbroken by the death of his son the Black Prince. During Edward's last years the government was taken over by another son, John of Gaunt.Proclamation by Edward 111 during the height of the Black Death (Plague) 1350
"A great part of the people, and especially of labourers and servants, have died
of the pestilence. Some, perceiving the pressing need of their lords, and the
great scarcity of servants, refuse to work unless they receive excessive
wages....We have ordained that every man or woman in the nation... if he shall be
required to serve in any suitable service...shall be bound to serve him who
required him, and shall receive only such wages as were customary before the
[Plague]."Extract D. Hughes: Illustrations of Chaucer's England, 1919.
Richard 11 became King after Edward 111's death in 1377.
Update: from Queen's Official Web Site 8/10/97.
Edward III
Edward III (reigned 1327-77) was 14 when he
was crowned king and assumed government in his
own right in 1330. An able soldier, and an inspiring
leader, Edward founded the Order of the Garter in
1348. At the beginning of the Hundred Years War,
the king invaded France in 1338. At first, Edward
was unsuccessful, but in 1346 he landed in
Normandy defeating the French king, Philip IV, at
the Battle of Crecy and again at Poitiers (1356). By
1360 Edward controlled over a quarter of France.
His successes consolidated the support of the
nobles, lessened criticism of the taxes, and
improved relations with Parliament. However, by
1374 the French king, Charles V, had reversed
most of the English conquests. Failure abroad
provoked criticism at home. In 1376, the 'Good
Parliament' (which saw the election of the first
Speaker to represent the Commons) attacked the
high taxes and criticised the king's advisers. The
ageing king withdrew to Windsor for the rest of his
reign.Additional information:
Reigned 1327-1377. Edward assumed effective power in 1330 after imprisoning
his mother and executing her lover Roger de Mortimer who had murdered his
father; therafter his reign was dominated by military adventures. His victory
in Scotland, especially at Haildon Hill 1333 encouraged him to plan (1363) the
union of England and Scotland. Through his mother he claimed the French throne
thus starting (1337) the Hundred years war. His son John of Gaunt dominated
the government during his last years. Died of a Stroke.Extra:
Edward III, the oldest son of Edward II and Isabella of France, was born in 1312. In 1327 his mother and her lover usurped the throne of Edward II and gave it to Edward III. In 1328 he married Philippa of Hainault who bore him 9 surviving children.
The Hundred Years War began during Edward's reign. This war was sparked by the cooperation of the French with the scots in their continuing rebellion against England, fighting in Gascony, and Edward's claim to the throne of France through his mother. The early portion of the war was a success because of Edward's oldest son, the Black Prince.
Half of the population of Europe died in the Black Death, which swept through England and northern Europe from 1348-1350. The plague weakened the English military and in 1375 Edward signed the Treaty of Bruges. This treaty left Edward with only England, Calais, Bordeaux, and Bayonne.
Parliament was officially divided into two houses during Edward III's reign, and English replaced French as the official language.
Edward's wife died in 1369, and he took a mistress, Alice Perrers. During the final year of Edward's reign, the Black Prince died. This left Edward in a great state of grief.
Isabella was banished by Edward III when he learned of his mother's role with Roger Mortimer (her lover) in the murder of Edward II in Berkeley Castle. She spent the last 30 years of her life in Castle Rising, joining an order of nuns called Poor Clares, in her old age. Mortimer was tried for treason and executed in 1330. Other sources say she died at Hereford Castle!